java8也出来好久了,接口默认方法,lambda表达式,函数式接口,Date API等特性还是有必要去了解一下。比如在项目中经常用到集合,遍历集合可以试下lambda表达式,经常还要对集合进行过滤和排序,Stream就派上用场了。用习惯了,不得不说真的很好用。
Stream作为java8的新特性,基于lambda表达式,是对集合对象功能的增强,它专注于对集合对象进行各种高效、便利的聚合操作或者大批量的数据操作,提高了编程效率和代码可读性。
Stream的原理:将要处理的元素看做一种流,流在管道中传输,并且可以在管道的节点上处理,包括过滤筛选、去重、排序、聚合等。元素流在管道中经过中间操作的处理,最后由最终操作得到前面处理的结果。
集合有两种方式生成流:
- stream() − 为集合创建串行流
- parallelStream() - 为集合创建并行流
上图中是Stream类的类结构图,里面包含了大部分的中间和终止操作。
中间操作主要有以下方法(此类型方法返回的都是Stream):map (mapToInt, flatMap 等)、 filter、 distinct、 sorted、 peek、 limit、 skip、 parallel、 sequential、 unordered
终止操作主要有以下方法:forEach、 forEachOrdered、 toArray、 reduce、 collect、 min、 max、 count、 anyMatch、 allMatch、 noneMatch、 findFirst、 findAny、 iterator
举例说明
首先为了说明Stream对对象集合的操作,新建一个Student类(学生类),覆写了equals()和hashCode()方法
- public class Student {
-
- private Long id;
-
- private String name;
-
- private int age;
-
- private String address;
-
- public Student() {}
-
- public Student(Long id, String name, int age, String address) {
- this.id = id;
- this.name = name;
- this.age = age;
- this.address = address;
- }
-
- @Override
- public String toString() {
- return "Student{" +
- "id=" + id +
- ", name='" + name + '\\'' +
- ", age=" + age +
- ", address='" + address + '\\'' +
- '}';
- }
-
- @Override
- public boolean equals(Object o) {
- if (this == o) return true;
- if (o == null || getClass() != o.getClass()) return false;
- Student student = (Student) o;
- return age == student.age &&
- Objects.equals(id, student.id) &&
- Objects.equals(name, student.name) &&
- Objects.equals(address, student.address);
- }
-
- @Override
- public int hashCode() {
- return Objects.hash(id, name, age, address);
- }
-
- public Long getId() {
- return id;
- }
-
- public void setId(Long id) {
- this.id = id;
- }
-
- public String getName() {
- return name;
- }
-
- public void setName(String name) {
- this.name = name;
- }
-
- public int getAge() {
- return age;
- }
-
- public void setAge(int age) {
- this.age = age;
- }
-
- public String getAddress() {
- return address;
- }
-
- public void setAddress(String address) {
- this.address = address;
- }
-
- }
filter(筛选)
- public static void main(String [] args) {
-
- Student s1 = new Student(1L, "肖战", 15, "浙江");
- Student s2 = new Student(2L, "王一博", 15, "湖北");
- Student s3 = new Student(3L, "杨紫", 17, "北京");
- Student s4 = new Student(4L, "李现", 17, "浙江");
- List students = new ArrayList<>();
- students.add(s1);
- students.add(s2);
- students.add(s3);
- students.add(s4);
-
- List streamStudents = testFilter(students);
- streamStudents.forEach(System.out::println);
- }
- /**
- * 集合的筛选
- * @param students
- * @return
- */
- private static List testFilter(List students) {
- //筛选年龄大于15岁的学生
- // return students.stream().filter(s -> s.getAge()>15).collect(Collectors.toList());
- //筛选住在浙江省的学生
- return students.stream().filter(s ->"浙江".equals(s.getAddress())).collect(Collectors.toList());
- }
运行结果:
这里我们创建了四个学生,经过filter的筛选,筛选出地址是浙江的学生集合。
map(转换)
- public static void main(String [] args) {
-
- Student s1 = new Student(1L, "肖战", 15, "浙江");
- Student s2 = new Student(2L, "王一博", 15, "湖北");
- Student s3 = new Student(3L, "杨紫", 17, "北京");
- Student s4 = new Student(4L, "李现", 17, "浙江");
- List students = new ArrayList<>();
- students.add(s1);
- students.add(s2);
- students.add(s3);
- students.add(s4);
-
- testMap(students);
- }
-
- /**
- * 集合转换
- * @param students
- * @return
- */
- private static void testMap(List students) {
- //在地址前面加上部分信息,只获取地址输出
- List addresses = students.stream().map(s ->"住址:"+s.getAddress()).collect(Collectors.toList());
- addresses.forEach(a ->System.out.println(a));
- }
运行结果
map就是将对应的元素按照给定的方法进行转换。
distinct(去重)
- public static void main(String [] args) {
-
- testDistinct1();
- }
-
- /**
- * 集合去重(基本类型)
- */
- private static void testDistinct1() {
- //简单字符串的去重
- List list = Arrays.asList("111","222","333","111","222");
- list.stream().distinct().forEach(System.out::println);
- }
运行结果:
- public static void main(String [] args) {
-
- testDistinct2();
- }
-
- /**
- * 集合去重(引用对象)
- */
- private static void testDistinct2() {
- //引用对象的去重,引用对象要实现hashCode和equal方法,否则去重无效
- Student s1 = new Student(1L, "肖战", 15, "浙江");
- Student s2 = new Student(2L, "王一博", 15, "湖北");
- Student s3 = new Student(3L, "杨紫", 17, "北京");
- Student s4 = new Student(4L, "李现", 17, "浙江");
- Student s5 = new Student(1L, "肖战", 15, "浙江");
- List students = new ArrayList<>();
- students.add(s1);
- students.add(s2);
- students.add(s3);
- students.add(s4);
- students.add(s5);
- students.stream().distinct().forEach(System.out::println);
- }
运行结果:
可以看出,两个重复的“肖战”同学进行了去重,这不仅因为使用了distinct()方法,而且因为Student对象重写了equals和hashCode()方法,否则去重是无效的。
sorted(排序)
- public static void main(String [] args) {
-
- testSort1();
- }
-
- /**
- * 集合排序(默认排序)
- */
- private static void testSort1() {
- List list = Arrays.asList("333","222","111");
- list.stream().sorted().forEach(System.out::println);
- }
运行结果:
- public static void main(String [] args) {
-
- testSort2();
- }
-
- /**
- * 集合排序(指定排序规则)
- */
- private static void testSort2() {
- Student s1 = new Student(1L, "肖战", 15, "浙江");
- Student s2 = new Student(2L, "王一博", 15, "湖北");
- Student s3 = new Student(3L, "杨紫", 17, "北京");
- Student s4 = new Student(4L, "李现", 17, "浙江");
- List students = new ArrayList<>();
- students.add(s1);
- students.add(s2);
- students.add(s3);
- students.add(s4);
- students.stream()
- .sorted((stu1,stu2) ->Long.compare(stu2.getId(), stu1.getId()))
- .sorted((stu1,stu2) -> Integer.compare(stu2.getAge(),stu1.getAge()))
- .forEach(System.out::println);
- }
运行结果:
上面指定排序规则,先按照学生的id进行降序排序,再按照年龄进行降序排序
limit(限制返回个数)
- public static void main(String [] args) {
-
- testLimit();
- }
-
- /**
- * 集合limit,返回前几个元素
- */
- private static void testLimit() {
- List list = Arrays.asList("333","222","111");
- list.stream().limit(2).forEach(System.out::println);
- }
运行结果:
skip(删除元素)
- public static void main(String [] args) {
-
- testSkip();
- }
-
- /**
- * 集合skip,删除前n个元素
- */
- private static void testSkip() {
- List list = Arrays.asList("333","222","111");
- list.stream().skip(2).forEach(System.out::println);
- }
运行结果:
reduce(聚合)
- public static void main(String [] args) {
- testReduce();
- }
- /**
- * 集合reduce,将集合中每个元素聚合成一条数据
- */
- private static void testReduce() {
- List list = Arrays.asList("欢","迎","你");
- String appendStr = list.stream().reduce("北京",(a,b) -> a+b);
- System.out.println(appendStr);
- }
运行结果:
min(求最小值)
- public static void main(String [] args) {
- testMin();
- }
-
- /**
- * 求集合中元素的最小值
- */
- private static void testMin() {
- Student s1 = new Student(1L, "肖战", 14, "浙江");
- Student s2 = new Student(2L, "王一博", 15, "湖北");
- Student s3 = new Student(3L, "杨紫", 17, "北京");
- Student s4 = new Student(4L, "李现", 17, "浙江");
- List students = new ArrayList<>();
- students.add(s1);
- students.add(s2);
- students.add(s3);
- students.add(s4);
- Student minS = students.stream().min((stu1,stu2) ->Integer.compare(stu1.getAge(),stu2.getAge())).get();
- System.out.println(minS.toString());
- }
运行结果:
上面是求所有学生中年龄最小的一个,max同理,求最大值。
anyMatch/allMatch/noneMatch(匹配)
- public static void main(String [] args) {
- testMatch();
- }
-
- private static void testMatch() {
- Student s1 = new Student(1L, "肖战", 15, "浙江");
- Student s2 = new Student(2L, "王一博", 15, "湖北");
- Student s3 = new Student(3L, "杨紫", 17, "北京");
- Student s4 = new Student(4L, "李现", 17, "浙江");
- List students = new ArrayList<>();
- students.add(s1);
- students.add(s2);
- students.add(s3);
- students.add(s4);
- Boolean anyMatch = students.stream().anyMatch(s ->"湖北".equals(s.getAddress()));
- if (anyMatch) {
- System.out.println("有湖北人");
- }
- Boolean allMatch = students.stream().allMatch(s -> s.getAge()>=15);
- if (allMatch) {
- System.out.println("所有学生都满15周岁");
- }
- Boolean noneMatch = students.stream().noneMatch(s -> "杨洋".equals(s.getName()));
- if (noneMatch) {
- System.out.println("没有叫杨洋的同学");
- }
- }
运行结果:
anyMatch:Stream 中任意一个元素符合传入的 predicate,返回 true
allMatch:Stream 中全部元素符合传入的 predicate,返回 true
noneMatch:Stream 中没有一个元素符合传入的 predicate,返回 true
总结
上面介绍了Stream常用的一些方法,虽然对集合的遍历和操作可以用以前常规的方式,但是当业务逻辑复杂的时候,你会发现代码量很多,可读性很差,明明一行代码解决的事情,你却写了好几行。试试lambda表达式,试试Stream,你会有不一样的体验。
编程语言原本是被设计成专门使用在计算机上的,但它们也可以用来定义算法或者数据结构。正是因为如此,程序员才会试图使程序代码更容易阅读。